Desarrollos recientes en teoría organizacional : una revisión
| Issue | Vol. 15 Núm. 4 (1990): Ciencia y Sociedad |
| DOI | |
| Publicado | dic 1, 1990 |
|
Estadísticas |
Resumen
Este artículo revisa y evalúa cinco importantes perspectivas teóricas sobre las organizaciones. Tales perspectivas o modelos son los siguientes: ecología de poblaciones, dependencia de recursos, costos de las transacciones, racional e institucional. Se presentan las ventajas aportadas por cada modelo así como también las limitaciones de cada uno. La conclusión del análisis es que los modelos teóricos no deben ser concebidos como suficientes tomados por separado. Más bien los modelos son utilizados más apropiadamente cuando se les usa combinadamente
Aldrich, H. E. 1979. Organizations and environments. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.}
Aldrich, H. E. 1988. Paradigm warriors: Donaldson versus the critics of organization theory. Organization Studies, 9:18 - 25.
Aldrich, H. E. & Pftffer, J. 1976. Environments of organizations. Annuai Review of Sociology, vol. 2. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Review Inc.
Allen, M. P. 1974. The structure of interorganization alelite cooptation: Interlocking corporate directorates. American Sociological Review, 39 (3): 393 -396.
Astley, W. G. 1985. The two ecologies: Population and community perspectives on organizational evolution. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 224 - 241.
Astley, W. G. & Van de Ven, A 1983. Central perspectives and debates in Organization theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28:245 -273
Becker, S. W. & Neuhauser, D. 1975. The efficient organization. New York: Elsevier.
Benson, J. K. 1975. The interlocking network as a political economy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20: 229 -249
Berger, P. & Luckman, T. 1967. The social construction of reality. New York: Doubleday.
Bidwell, C. E. & Kasarda, J. D. 1985. The organization and its ecosystem: Atheory of structuring in organizations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Boistot, M. & Child, J. 1988. The iron of dieds: Bureaucratic failure and the problem of governance in the Chínese economic reforms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33: 507 – 527
Burt, R. S. 1983 (a). Corporate profits and cooptation: Networks of market constraints and directorate ties in the American Economy. New York: Academic Press.
Burt, R. S. 1983 (b). Corporate philanthropy as a cooptive strategy. Social Forces, 62: 419 - 449
Campbell, D. 1969. Variation and selective retention in sociocultural evolution. General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research: 69 - 85.
Carroll, G. R. 1984. Organizational Ecology. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 18. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.
Carroll, G. R. 1985. Concentration and specialization: Dynamics of niche width in populations of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 90: 1262 - 1283.
Chandler, A. D.,Jr. 1962. Strategy and structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Child, J. 1972. Organizational structure, environment, and performance: The role of strategic choice. Sociology, 6: 1 – 22
Clegg, S. & Dunkerly, D. 1980
. Organization, class, and control. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
DiMaggio, P. G. & Powell, W. W. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48: 147- 160.
DiMaggio, P. G. 1988. Interest and agency in institutional theory. En: L. G. Zucker (ed.), Institutional patterns and organizations: Culture and environment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Dornbusch, S. M. 1955. The military academy as an assimilating institu- tion. Social Forces, 33 (4): 316 - 321.
Dunford, R. 1987. The suppression of technology as a strategy for controlling resource dependence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32: 515 - 525.
Eccles, R. G. & White, H. C. 1988. Price and authority in Ínter profit center transactions. American Journal of Sociology, 94 (Supple- ment): S.17 - S.51
Fligstein, N. 1985. The spread of the multidivisional form along large firms, 1919 -1979. American Sociological Review, 50: 377 - 391.
Freeman, J. & Hannan, M. T. 1983. Niche width and the dynamics of organizational populations. American Journal of Sociology, 88: 1116-1145.
Freeman, J. & Hannan, M. T. 1989. Setting the record straight: Rcbuttal to Young. American Journal of Sociology, 95: 425 - 439.
Galaskiewicz, J. 1985. Interorganizational relations. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 11. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.
Galbraith, J. 1973. Designingcomplex organizations. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Galbraith, J. 1977. Organization design. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
Goldman, P. 1980. The marxist analysis of organizations: Valúes, theories, and research. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Sociology, University of Oregon.
Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91:481 -510.
Grafton, C. 1975. The creation of federal agencies. Administration and Society, 7 (3): 328 - 365.
Hage, J. 1980. Theories of organizations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Hall, R. H. 1987. Organizations: Structures, processes, and out- comes. 4th. Edition. Englewwod Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Hannan, M. T. & Freeman, J. 1977. The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82 (5): 929 - 964.
Hannan, M. T. & Freeman, J. 1988. The ecology of organizational mortality: American labor unions, 1836 - 1985. American Journal of Sociology, 94: 25 - 52.
Hasenfeld, Y. 1972. People processing organizations: An exchange approach. American Sociological Review, 37 (3): 256 - 263.
Hickson, D. J., Hinings, C. A., Lee, C. A., Schneck, R. E., & Pennings, J. M. 1971. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16 (2): 216 - 229.
Jacobs, D. 1974. Dependency and vulnerability: An exchange approach to the control of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 45 – 59
Kanter, R. M. 1977. Men and women of the Corporation. N. Y.: Basic Books.
Kasarda, J. D. & Bidwell, C. E. 1979. A human ecological theory of organizational structuring. En: M. Micklin & H. M. Choldin (eds.), Sociological human ecology: Contemporary issues and applications. New York: Academic Press.
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L. 1978. The social psychology of organizations. (Edición revisada). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Langston, J. 1984. The ecological theory of bureaucracy: The case of Josiah Wedgwood and the British pottery industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 330 - 354.
Lawrence, P. R. & Lorsch, J. W. 1967. Organization and environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lazerson, M. H. 1988. Organizational growth of small firms: An out- come of markets and hierarchies? American Sociological Review, 53: 330 - 342.
Lehman, E. W. 1988. The theory of the State versus the State of the theory. American Sociological Review, 53: 807 - 823.
Marple, D. 1982. Technological innovation and organizational survival: A population ecology study of nineteenth century American railroads. The Sociological Quarterly, 23: 107-116
McKelvey, B. 1982. Organizational systematics: Taxonomy, evolution, classifícation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
McKelvey, B. & Aldrich, H. 1983. Population, natural selection, and applied organizational Science. Adm’nistrative Science Quarterly, 28: 101 - 128.
Meyer, J. W. & Rowan, B. 1977. Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociol- ogy, 83: 340 – 363
Meyer, J. W. & Scott. W. R. 1983. Organizational environments: Ritual and rationality. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Mohr, L. 1973. The concept of organizational goal. American Politi- cal Science Review, 67 (2): 470 – 481
Moore, G. 1979. The structure of a national elite network. American Sociological Review, 44: 673 -692.
Negandhi, A. R. & Reimann, B. C. 1973(a). Correlates of decentralization: Closed and open System perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 16 (4): 570 - 582.
Negandhi, A R. & Reimann, B. C. 1973(b). Task environment, decentralization and organizational effectiveness. Human Reía- tions, 26 (2): 203 - 214.
Parsons, T. 1960. Structure and process in modern society. New York: The Free Press.
Pcnnings, J. M. & Goodman, P. S. 1977. Toward a workable framework. En: P. S. Goodman & J. M. Pennings (Eds.), New perspectives on organizational effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pennings, J. M. 1980. Interlocking directorales. San Francisco: Jos- sey-Bass.
Perrow, C. 1979. Complex organizations: A critical essay. (2nd. Ed.). Glenview, 111.: Scott, Foresman and Co.
Pfeffer, J. 1972(a). Merger as a response to organizational interdependence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17 (3): 328 - 394.
Pfeffer, J. 1972(b). Size and composition of corporate boards of direc- tors. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17 (2): 218 - 228.
Pfeffer, J. 1982. Organizations and organization theory. Boston: Pitman.
Pfeffer, J. & Leblebici, H. 1973. The effect of competition on some dimensions of organizational structure. Social Forces, 52 (2): 268 -279.
Pfeffer, J. & Salancik, G. R. 1978. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence prespective. New York: Harper and Row.
Powell, W. W. 1985. Getting into print. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Prokesh, S. E. 1985. New York Times, CXXXV (October 28): Section D, p.l.
Pugh, D. S. 1966. Modern organization theory: A psychological and sociological study. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (21): 235 - 251.
Robins, J. A. 1987. Organizational economics: Notes on the transaction cost theory in the study of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32 (1):68 - 86.
Rowan, B. 1982. Organizational structure and the institutional environment: The case of public schools. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27 (2): 259 - 279.
Schoonhoven, C. B. 1981. Problems with contingency theory: Testing assumptions hidden with the language of contingency ‘theory*. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26 (3): 349 - 377.
Schreyogg, G. 1980. Contingency and choice in organization theory. Organization Studies, 1: 305 - 326.
Scott, W. R. 1981. Organizations: Rational, natural, and open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Scott, W. R. 1987(a). Organizations: Rational, natural, and open Systems. 2nd. Ed. Englewood Clifs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Scott, W. R. 1987(b). The adolescence of institutional theory. Ad- ministrative Science Quarterly, 32 (4): 493 -511.
Scott, W. R. & Black, B. L. (Eds.). 1986. The organization of mental health Services: societal and community Systems. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sagc.
Simón, H. A. 1964. On the concept of organizational goal. Ad- ministrative Science Quarterly, 9(1): 1 - 22.
Starbuck, W. H. 1976. Organizations and their environments. En: Marvin D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally and Co.
Tosí, H. L., Jr. & Slocum, J. W. 1984. Contingency theory: Some suggested directions. Journal of Management, 10(1): 9 - 26.
Turner, J. H. 1979. The structure of social theory. (Ed, revisada). Homewood, II: Dorsey.
Turner, J. H. & Maryabski, A. 1979. Functionalism. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
Useem, M. 1979. The social organization of the American business elite and participation of corporate directors in the governance of American institutions. American Sociological Review, 44:553- 572.
Useem, M. 1982. Classwide rationality in the politics of managers and directors of large corporations in the United States and Great Britain. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27:199 - 226.
Van de Ven, A. H. 1979. Howard E. Aldrich: Organizations and environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24: 320 - 326.
Wamsley, G. & Zald, M. N. 1973. The political economy of public organizations. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Co.
Waters, M. 1989. Collegiality, bureaucratization, and professionalization: A Weberian analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 94:945 - 972.
Weber, M. 1952. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Scribner.
Weber, M. 1968. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. (Three Volumes) New York: Bedminster.
Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. 1981. The economics of organizations: The transaction cost approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87: 548 - 577.
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. & Ouchi, W. G. 1981. The markets and hierarchies program of research: Origins, implications, prospects. En: A. Van de Ven & W. E. Joyce (eds.), Perspectives on organizational design and behavior. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Young, R. C. 1988. Is population ecology a useful paradigm for the study of organizations. American Journal of Sociologu, 94: 1 - 24.
Young, R. C. 1989. Reply to Freeman and Hannan and Brittain and Wholey. American Journal of Sociology, 95: 445 - 446.
Zucker, L. G. 1988. Institutional patterns and organizational culture and environment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Aldrich, H. E. 1988. Paradigm warriors: Donaldson versus the critics of organization theory. Organization Studies, 9:18 - 25.
Aldrich, H. E. & Pftffer, J. 1976. Environments of organizations. Annuai Review of Sociology, vol. 2. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Review Inc.
Allen, M. P. 1974. The structure of interorganization alelite cooptation: Interlocking corporate directorates. American Sociological Review, 39 (3): 393 -396.
Astley, W. G. 1985. The two ecologies: Population and community perspectives on organizational evolution. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 224 - 241.
Astley, W. G. & Van de Ven, A 1983. Central perspectives and debates in Organization theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28:245 -273
Becker, S. W. & Neuhauser, D. 1975. The efficient organization. New York: Elsevier.
Benson, J. K. 1975. The interlocking network as a political economy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20: 229 -249
Berger, P. & Luckman, T. 1967. The social construction of reality. New York: Doubleday.
Bidwell, C. E. & Kasarda, J. D. 1985. The organization and its ecosystem: Atheory of structuring in organizations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Boistot, M. & Child, J. 1988. The iron of dieds: Bureaucratic failure and the problem of governance in the Chínese economic reforms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33: 507 – 527
Burt, R. S. 1983 (a). Corporate profits and cooptation: Networks of market constraints and directorate ties in the American Economy. New York: Academic Press.
Burt, R. S. 1983 (b). Corporate philanthropy as a cooptive strategy. Social Forces, 62: 419 - 449
Campbell, D. 1969. Variation and selective retention in sociocultural evolution. General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research: 69 - 85.
Carroll, G. R. 1984. Organizational Ecology. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 18. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.
Carroll, G. R. 1985. Concentration and specialization: Dynamics of niche width in populations of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 90: 1262 - 1283.
Chandler, A. D.,Jr. 1962. Strategy and structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Child, J. 1972. Organizational structure, environment, and performance: The role of strategic choice. Sociology, 6: 1 – 22
Clegg, S. & Dunkerly, D. 1980
. Organization, class, and control. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
DiMaggio, P. G. & Powell, W. W. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48: 147- 160.
DiMaggio, P. G. 1988. Interest and agency in institutional theory. En: L. G. Zucker (ed.), Institutional patterns and organizations: Culture and environment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Dornbusch, S. M. 1955. The military academy as an assimilating institu- tion. Social Forces, 33 (4): 316 - 321.
Dunford, R. 1987. The suppression of technology as a strategy for controlling resource dependence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32: 515 - 525.
Eccles, R. G. & White, H. C. 1988. Price and authority in Ínter profit center transactions. American Journal of Sociology, 94 (Supple- ment): S.17 - S.51
Fligstein, N. 1985. The spread of the multidivisional form along large firms, 1919 -1979. American Sociological Review, 50: 377 - 391.
Freeman, J. & Hannan, M. T. 1983. Niche width and the dynamics of organizational populations. American Journal of Sociology, 88: 1116-1145.
Freeman, J. & Hannan, M. T. 1989. Setting the record straight: Rcbuttal to Young. American Journal of Sociology, 95: 425 - 439.
Galaskiewicz, J. 1985. Interorganizational relations. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 11. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.
Galbraith, J. 1973. Designingcomplex organizations. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Galbraith, J. 1977. Organization design. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
Goldman, P. 1980. The marxist analysis of organizations: Valúes, theories, and research. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Sociology, University of Oregon.
Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91:481 -510.
Grafton, C. 1975. The creation of federal agencies. Administration and Society, 7 (3): 328 - 365.
Hage, J. 1980. Theories of organizations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Hall, R. H. 1987. Organizations: Structures, processes, and out- comes. 4th. Edition. Englewwod Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Hannan, M. T. & Freeman, J. 1977. The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82 (5): 929 - 964.
Hannan, M. T. & Freeman, J. 1988. The ecology of organizational mortality: American labor unions, 1836 - 1985. American Journal of Sociology, 94: 25 - 52.
Hasenfeld, Y. 1972. People processing organizations: An exchange approach. American Sociological Review, 37 (3): 256 - 263.
Hickson, D. J., Hinings, C. A., Lee, C. A., Schneck, R. E., & Pennings, J. M. 1971. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16 (2): 216 - 229.
Jacobs, D. 1974. Dependency and vulnerability: An exchange approach to the control of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 45 – 59
Kanter, R. M. 1977. Men and women of the Corporation. N. Y.: Basic Books.
Kasarda, J. D. & Bidwell, C. E. 1979. A human ecological theory of organizational structuring. En: M. Micklin & H. M. Choldin (eds.), Sociological human ecology: Contemporary issues and applications. New York: Academic Press.
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L. 1978. The social psychology of organizations. (Edición revisada). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Langston, J. 1984. The ecological theory of bureaucracy: The case of Josiah Wedgwood and the British pottery industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 330 - 354.
Lawrence, P. R. & Lorsch, J. W. 1967. Organization and environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lazerson, M. H. 1988. Organizational growth of small firms: An out- come of markets and hierarchies? American Sociological Review, 53: 330 - 342.
Lehman, E. W. 1988. The theory of the State versus the State of the theory. American Sociological Review, 53: 807 - 823.
Marple, D. 1982. Technological innovation and organizational survival: A population ecology study of nineteenth century American railroads. The Sociological Quarterly, 23: 107-116
McKelvey, B. 1982. Organizational systematics: Taxonomy, evolution, classifícation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
McKelvey, B. & Aldrich, H. 1983. Population, natural selection, and applied organizational Science. Adm’nistrative Science Quarterly, 28: 101 - 128.
Meyer, J. W. & Rowan, B. 1977. Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociol- ogy, 83: 340 – 363
Meyer, J. W. & Scott. W. R. 1983. Organizational environments: Ritual and rationality. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Mohr, L. 1973. The concept of organizational goal. American Politi- cal Science Review, 67 (2): 470 – 481
Moore, G. 1979. The structure of a national elite network. American Sociological Review, 44: 673 -692.
Negandhi, A. R. & Reimann, B. C. 1973(a). Correlates of decentralization: Closed and open System perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 16 (4): 570 - 582.
Negandhi, A R. & Reimann, B. C. 1973(b). Task environment, decentralization and organizational effectiveness. Human Reía- tions, 26 (2): 203 - 214.
Parsons, T. 1960. Structure and process in modern society. New York: The Free Press.
Pcnnings, J. M. & Goodman, P. S. 1977. Toward a workable framework. En: P. S. Goodman & J. M. Pennings (Eds.), New perspectives on organizational effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pennings, J. M. 1980. Interlocking directorales. San Francisco: Jos- sey-Bass.
Perrow, C. 1979. Complex organizations: A critical essay. (2nd. Ed.). Glenview, 111.: Scott, Foresman and Co.
Pfeffer, J. 1972(a). Merger as a response to organizational interdependence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17 (3): 328 - 394.
Pfeffer, J. 1972(b). Size and composition of corporate boards of direc- tors. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17 (2): 218 - 228.
Pfeffer, J. 1982. Organizations and organization theory. Boston: Pitman.
Pfeffer, J. & Leblebici, H. 1973. The effect of competition on some dimensions of organizational structure. Social Forces, 52 (2): 268 -279.
Pfeffer, J. & Salancik, G. R. 1978. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence prespective. New York: Harper and Row.
Powell, W. W. 1985. Getting into print. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Prokesh, S. E. 1985. New York Times, CXXXV (October 28): Section D, p.l.
Pugh, D. S. 1966. Modern organization theory: A psychological and sociological study. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (21): 235 - 251.
Robins, J. A. 1987. Organizational economics: Notes on the transaction cost theory in the study of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32 (1):68 - 86.
Rowan, B. 1982. Organizational structure and the institutional environment: The case of public schools. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27 (2): 259 - 279.
Schoonhoven, C. B. 1981. Problems with contingency theory: Testing assumptions hidden with the language of contingency ‘theory*. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26 (3): 349 - 377.
Schreyogg, G. 1980. Contingency and choice in organization theory. Organization Studies, 1: 305 - 326.
Scott, W. R. 1981. Organizations: Rational, natural, and open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Scott, W. R. 1987(a). Organizations: Rational, natural, and open Systems. 2nd. Ed. Englewood Clifs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Scott, W. R. 1987(b). The adolescence of institutional theory. Ad- ministrative Science Quarterly, 32 (4): 493 -511.
Scott, W. R. & Black, B. L. (Eds.). 1986. The organization of mental health Services: societal and community Systems. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sagc.
Simón, H. A. 1964. On the concept of organizational goal. Ad- ministrative Science Quarterly, 9(1): 1 - 22.
Starbuck, W. H. 1976. Organizations and their environments. En: Marvin D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally and Co.
Tosí, H. L., Jr. & Slocum, J. W. 1984. Contingency theory: Some suggested directions. Journal of Management, 10(1): 9 - 26.
Turner, J. H. 1979. The structure of social theory. (Ed, revisada). Homewood, II: Dorsey.
Turner, J. H. & Maryabski, A. 1979. Functionalism. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
Useem, M. 1979. The social organization of the American business elite and participation of corporate directors in the governance of American institutions. American Sociological Review, 44:553- 572.
Useem, M. 1982. Classwide rationality in the politics of managers and directors of large corporations in the United States and Great Britain. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27:199 - 226.
Van de Ven, A. H. 1979. Howard E. Aldrich: Organizations and environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24: 320 - 326.
Wamsley, G. & Zald, M. N. 1973. The political economy of public organizations. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Co.
Waters, M. 1989. Collegiality, bureaucratization, and professionalization: A Weberian analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 94:945 - 972.
Weber, M. 1952. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Scribner.
Weber, M. 1968. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. (Three Volumes) New York: Bedminster.
Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. 1981. The economics of organizations: The transaction cost approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87: 548 - 577.
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. & Ouchi, W. G. 1981. The markets and hierarchies program of research: Origins, implications, prospects. En: A. Van de Ven & W. E. Joyce (eds.), Perspectives on organizational design and behavior. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Young, R. C. 1988. Is population ecology a useful paradigm for the study of organizations. American Journal of Sociologu, 94: 1 - 24.
Young, R. C. 1989. Reply to Freeman and Hannan and Brittain and Wholey. American Journal of Sociology, 95: 445 - 446.
Zucker, L. G. 1988. Institutional patterns and organizational culture and environment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
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Richard H. Hall
University at Albany, Estados Unidos